grammar.co.id – Transportasi adalah perpindahan manusia atau barang dari satu tempat ke tempat lainnya dengan menggunakan sebuah kendaraan yang digerakkan oleh manusia atau mesin. Transportasi digunakan untuk memudahkan manusia dalam melakukan aktivitas sehari-hari. Di negara maju, mereka biasanya menggunakan kereta bawah tanah (subway) dan taksi. Penduduk di sana jarang yang mempunyai kendaraan pribadi karena mereka sebagian besar menggunakan angkutan umum sebagai transportasi mereka. Transportasi sendiri dibagi 3 yaitu, transportasi darat, laut, dan udara. Transportasi udara merupakan transportasi yang membutuhkan banyak uang untuk memakainya. Selain karena memiliki teknologi yang lebih canggih, transportasi udara merupakan alat transportasi tercepat dibandingkan dengan alat transportasi lainnya serta memiliki tingkat kecelakaan yang relatif lebih rendah daripada transportasi darat dan air.
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Artikel Bahasa Inggris Tentang Transportasi Lengkap Dengan Terjemahan dan Daftar Kosakata Baru
Artikel Bahasa Inggris Tentang Transportasi
The London Underground
The London Underground, or the Tube as it is often called, is the oldest underground train network in the world. Opened in 1863 there are a total of eleven lines, 270 stations and over 400 km of track, making it the third-longest subway system in the world. The London Underground carries over a billion passengers a year, or about 3 million every day. The deepest stations are over 60 metres below the surface, however, 55% of the tracks run above it.
In the 1830s London’s authorities had the idea of linking the centre of London with the large train stations which were located farther away. In 1863 the first underground railway, the Metropolitan Line, opened. Wooden carriages were powered by steam locomotives. The system of tracks gradually expanded. By the end of the 19th century, most lines used electricity to power the trains. During World War II many tube stations were air-raid shelters where people sought protection during the German bombing of the city.
Over the course of history, the size of the tunnels changed, so that today, two different types of trains travel across the city. Modern escalators bring passengers to the deep level stations of the tube. The Jubilee Line is the last line to be built. It was opened in 1979 in honour of Queen Elizabeth’s 25th anniversary as monarch. In the 1990s it was extended eastwards to the Docklands.
The London Underground normally operates daily between 5 a.m. and midnight. Some lines stay open throughout the night on special occasions, like New Year’s Eve. London Underground stations can get very crowded during the weekday rush hours. Even though the system is so large, trains usually run on time. Over the decades’ underground stations have been modernized. In the past years, many have been equipped with Wi-Fi access to make journeys as comfortable as possible. The well-known symbol of the London Underground, a red circle with a blue bar, was developed at the beginning of the 20th century and has not changed much since then.
Some of London’s Underground stations are buildings which have a special architectural value. Many original stations have been restored and look similar to the way they did over a century ago. Although so many people use the underground every day, the safety record of the system is very good. Most deaths occur as suicides.
The London Underground also faces environmental problems. Because the water level of the Thames is constantly on the rise, thousands of cubic metres of water must be pumped out of some of the underground stations every day.
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Vocabularies
- air-raid shelter = place under the ground where you can go to when bombs are dropped by planes
- although = while
- anniversary = date on which something important happened in an earlier year
- architectural value = here: the stations are important because of the way they were built
- authorities = here: the people who govern the city
- bar = long line
- billion = a thousand million
- carriage = a part of a train where passengers sit
- century = a hundred years
- decade = ten years
- develop = create for the first time
- electricity = power that is carried by cables and used to make machines work
- environment = the world around us
- equip = provide, give
- escalator = a moving set of stairs that take people to different levels of a building
- even though = while
- expand = to make larger
- extend = spread out
- face= handle, manage
- gradually = slowly
- however =but
- in honour = to show that you respect someone
- link = connect
- located = to be found
- monarch = king or queen
- network = system
- on the rise = if something goes or moves up
- operate = here: the system works
- over the course of history = as time passed on
- restore = bring something back to its original form
- rush hour = time of day when people are travelling from and to work
- safety record = the number of accidents that happen compared with the number of people who travel on the Underground
- seek – sought = look for
- special occasions = certain days of the year
- steam = power that is produced when water is heated
- subway = underground
- suicide = to kill yourself
- surface = the top layer of an object
- track = two metal lines along which a train travels
- Wi-Fi = way of connecting to the internet using radio signals
Terjemahan
London Underground
London Underground, atau Tube seperti yang sering disebut, adalah jaringan kereta bawah tanah tertua di dunia. Dibuka pada tahun 1863 ada total sebelas jalur, 270 stasiun dan lebih dari 400 km jalur, menjadikannya sistem kereta bawah tanah terpanjang ketiga di dunia. London Underground membawa lebih dari satu miliar penumpang per tahun, atau sekitar 3 juta setiap hari. Stasiun terdalam lebih dari 60 meter di bawah permukaan, namun, 55% dari trek berjalan di atasnya.
Pada tahun 1830-an, otoritas London memiliki gagasan untuk menghubungkan pusat kota London dengan stasiun kereta api besar yang terletak lebih jauh. Pada tahun 1863, kereta bawah tanah pertama, Metropolitan Line, dibuka. Gerbong kayu ditenagai oleh lokomotif uap. Sistem trek secara bertahap diperluas. Pada akhir abad ke-19, sebagian besar jalur menggunakan listrik untuk menyalakan kereta. Selama Perang Dunia II banyak stasiun tabung adalah tempat perlindungan serangan udara di mana orang mencari perlindungan selama pemboman kota Jerman.
Selama perjalanan sejarah, ukuran terowongan berubah, sehingga hari ini, dua jenis kereta bepergian melintasi kota. Eskalator modern membawa penumpang ke stasiun-stasiun dalam dari tabung. Garis Jubilee adalah baris terakhir yang akan dibangun. Dibuka pada tahun 1979 untuk menghormati peringatan 25 tahun Ratu Elizabeth sebagai raja. Pada 1990-an itu diperluas ke timur ke Docklands.
London Underground biasanya beroperasi setiap hari antara jam 5 pagi dan tengah malam. Beberapa jalur tetap buka sepanjang malam pada acara-acara khusus, seperti Malam Tahun Baru. Stasiun Bawah Tanah London bisa menjadi sangat ramai selama jam sibuk hari kerja. Meskipun sistemnya sangat besar, kereta biasanya berjalan tepat waktu. Selama beberapa dekade stasiun bawah tanah telah dimodernisasi. Dalam beberapa tahun terakhir, banyak yang telah dilengkapi dengan akses Wi-Fi untuk membuat perjalanan senyaman mungkin. Simbol London Underground yang terkenal, lingkaran merah dengan bar biru, dikembangkan pada awal abad ke-20 dan tidak banyak berubah sejak saat itu.
Beberapa stasiun Bawah Tanah London adalah bangunan yang memiliki nilai arsitektur khusus. Banyak stasiun asli telah dipulihkan dan terlihat mirip dengan yang mereka lakukan lebih dari seabad yang lalu. Meskipun begitu banyak orang menggunakan bawah tanah setiap hari, catatan keamanan sistem ini sangat bagus. Sebagian besar kematian terjadi karena bunuh diri.
London Underground juga menghadapi masalah lingkungan. Karena ketinggian air Sungai Thames terus meningkat, ribuan meter kubik air harus dipompa keluar dari beberapa stasiun bawah tanah setiap hari.
Breakthrough for the World’s Longest Tunnel
After almost one and a half decades of construction, a ten-metre wide drilling machine broke through the final metres of the new Gotthard Base Tunnel in southern Switzerland. The 57 km long tunnel, which connects the northern and the southern Alps, is the largest in the world. The Swiss tunnel is even longer than the Seikan rail tunnel in Japan and the Channel Tunnel linking France and Great Britain. Travelling from southern Germany to northern Italy will be shortened by about an hour and a half.
The Gotthard tunnel reaches a height of only 550 metres, the lowest altitude of all trans-Alpine tunnels. High-speed passenger trains and cargo trains will be able to travel at a speed of up to 250 km/h (about 150 mph). About 300 trains are scheduled to use the tunnel every day.
The European Union hopes that with the opening of the new tunnel more and more cargo will be transported by rail. Environmentalists hope that by placing more and more goods on trains air pollution will be reduced. Right now, about 1.2 million lorries travel through the Swiss countryside every year leading to the destruction of animal and plant life and contributing to global warming. The new Gotthard tunnel, however, is not completed yet. The first trains won’t run until 2017.
Vocabularies
- altitude = height of an object
- base = bottom, the lower part of
- cargo = goods and products that are transported on a ship, truck or train
- complete = finish
- construction = building
- contribute = here: lead to, cause
- decade = a period of ten years
- drill = to make a hole into a hard rock
- lorry = a large car that carries goods; truck
- environmentalist = a person who cares about protecting and saving the world around us
- reduce = to make smaller
- shorten = to make shorter
- trans-Alpine = across the Alps
Terjemahan
Terobosan untuk Terowongan Terpanjang di Dunia
Setelah hampir satu setengah dekade konstruksi, mesin bor selebar sepuluh meter menerobos meter terakhir dari Gotthard Base Tunnel di Swiss selatan. Terowongan sepanjang 57 km, yang menghubungkan Alpen utara dan selatan, adalah yang terbesar di dunia. Terowongan Swiss bahkan lebih panjang dari terowongan rel Seikan di Jepang dan Terowongan Saluran yang menghubungkan Prancis dan Inggris. Perjalanan dari Jerman selatan ke Italia utara akan dipersingkat sekitar satu setengah jam.
Terowongan Gotthard mencapai ketinggian hanya 550 meter, ketinggian terendah dari semua terowongan trans-Alpine. Kereta penumpang dan kereta api berkecepatan tinggi akan dapat melaju dengan kecepatan hingga 250 km / jam (sekitar 150 mph). Sekitar 300 kereta dijadwalkan menggunakan terowongan setiap hari.
Uni Eropa berharap bahwa dengan dibukanya terowongan baru semakin banyak kargo yang akan diangkut dengan kereta api. Para pencinta lingkungan berharap bahwa dengan menempatkan lebih banyak barang di kereta, polusi udara akan berkurang. Saat ini, sekitar 1,2 juta truk bepergian melalui pedesaan Swiss setiap tahun yang mengarah pada perusakan kehidupan hewan dan tumbuhan dan berkontribusi terhadap pemanasan global. Namun, terowongan Gotthard yang baru, belum selesai. Kereta pertama tidak akan beroperasi hingga 2017.
The Channel Tunnel – A Train Link Between Great Britain and France
The Channel Tunnel, also known as the Chunnel, is a 50 km long undersea rail tunnel that connects south-eastern England with northern France. At its lowest point, it lies 75 metres under the ocean floor. The tunnel is operated by the Eurotunnel Group, a British – French company.
Three types of trains travel through the tunnel:
- Shuttle trains travel from Folkestone to Calais in about half an hour. Cars, trucks and buses can be loaded onto them.
- The Eurostar high-speed passenger trains bring people from Paris to London in 2 hours and 15 minutes and passengers from Brussels to London in 1 hour and 50 minutes.
- Freight trains.
Although the first plans to dig an undersea tunnel between Britain and the Continent came up at the beginning of the 19th-century construction didn’t begin until 1988. The tunnel was finished and officially opened in 1994. Since its opening, there have been some problems. Fires broke out and illegal immigrants have used the tunnel to get to Great Britain. The tunnel consists of two rail tunnels and a smaller service tunnel that lies between them. It is used as an escape route and for repairs. It also supplies the two train tunnels with fresh air. Emergency vehicles can get to the scene of an accident quickly.
Building the tunnel was a difficult engineering task. During the construction period, teams from both sides used special machines to bore through the mostly chalky rock. Some were as long as football fields and could cut through 80 metres of rock a day. At times, almost 15,000 workers were employed by Eurotunnel. As construction progressed Eurotunnel realized that overall costs would explode. The project, which was financed with private money, cost almost 15 billion Euros, more than twice as much as projected.
Since its official opening in 1994, about 15 million people have travelled through the tunnel every year. Even though it is a real alternative to air travel, Channel Tunnel trains have not carried as many passengers as its operator, Eurotunnel, expected. The company lost millions of Euros over the years.
Although safety is a top priority for Eurotunnel there have been three big fires that forced the tunnel to close down. The last one occurred in 2008 and lasted for 16 hours. Nobody was killed but many people had to be taken to hospitals. In December 2009 over 2000 passengers were trapped in the tunnel because electricity failed in the cold weather.
Vocabularies
- although = while
- billion = one thousand million
- bore = cut through
- chalk = soft grey rock formed a long time ago from the shells of sea animals
- connect = link
- consist of = is made up of
- construction = the building of
- dig = cut through rock
- electricity = power
- emergency vehicle = cars or trucks that are used when an accident or another disaster happens
- employ = to work for someone
- escape = to get away from a dangerous place
- explode = here: to get much too big
- fail = to stop working
- force = to make something happen
- freight = goods, products, not people
- high-speed = very, very fast
- illegal = against the law
- immigrant = a person who leaves their home country and goes to another country to live or work there
- low = deep
- occur = happen
- officially = formally, in public
- operate = control
- overall = in general, for everything
- priority = the thing that you think about and care for most
- progress =to go on
- project = plan
- realize = to find out
- repair = to fix something
- safety = security, to be protected from
- a scene of an accident = place where an accident happens
- service = here: checks and repairs
- shuttle = a train that makes short trips between two places
- supply = provide, give
- task = job
- trap = to be in a place so that you cannot get out
Terjemahan
Channel Tunnel – Tautan Kereta Antara Britania Raya dan Prancis
Channel Tunnel, juga dikenal sebagai Chunnel, adalah terowongan rel bawah laut sepanjang 50 km yang menghubungkan Inggris tenggara dengan Prancis utara. Pada titik terendahnya terletak 75 meter di bawah dasar laut. Terowongan ini dioperasikan oleh Eurotunnel Group, sebuah perusahaan Inggris-Prancis.
Tiga jenis kereta melewati terowongan:
- Kereta ulang-alik melakukan perjalanan dari Folkestone ke Calais dalam waktu sekitar setengah jam. Mobil, truk, dan bus dapat dimuat ke dalamnya.
- Kereta penumpang berkecepatan tinggi Eurostar membawa orang-orang dari Paris ke London dalam 2 jam 15 menit dan penumpang dari Brussels ke London dalam 1 jam 50 menit.
- Kereta barang.
Meskipun rencana pertama untuk menggali terowongan bawah laut antara Inggris dan Benua muncul pada awal pembangunan abad ke-19 tidak dimulai sampai tahun 1988. Terowongan itu selesai dan secara resmi dibuka pada tahun 1994. Sejak pembukaannya, ada beberapa masalah. Kebakaran terjadi dan imigran gelap telah menggunakan terowongan untuk sampai ke Inggris. Terowongan terdiri dari dua terowongan rel dan terowongan layanan yang lebih kecil yang terletak di antara mereka. Ini digunakan sebagai jalan keluar dan untuk perbaikan. Ini juga memasok dua terowongan kereta api dengan udara segar. Kendaraan darurat dapat sampai ke lokasi kecelakaan dengan cepat.
Membangun terowongan adalah tugas rekayasa yang sulit. Selama masa konstruksi, tim dari kedua sisi menggunakan mesin khusus untuk menggali batu yang sebagian besar berkapur. Beberapa sepanjang lapangan sepak bola dan bisa memotong 80 meter batu per hari. Kadang-kadang, hampir 15.000 pekerja dipekerjakan oleh Eurotunnel. Ketika konstruksi berjalan, Eurotunnel menyadari bahwa biaya keseluruhan akan meledak. Proyek, yang dibiayai dengan uang pribadi, menelan biaya hampir 15 miliar Euro, lebih dari dua kali lipat proyeksi.
Sejak dibuka secara resmi pada tahun 1994, sekitar 15 juta orang telah melakukan perjalanan melalui terowongan setiap tahun. Meskipun itu merupakan alternatif nyata untuk perjalanan udara, kereta Channel Tunnel belum membawa penumpang sebanyak yang diharapkan oleh operatornya, Eurotunnel. Perusahaan kehilangan jutaan Euro selama bertahun-tahun.
Meskipun keselamatan adalah prioritas utama untuk Eurotunnel, ada tiga kebakaran besar yang memaksa terowongan ditutup. Yang terakhir terjadi pada 2008 dan berlangsung selama 16 jam. Tidak ada yang terbunuh tetapi banyak orang harus dibawa ke rumah sakit. Pada bulan Desember 2009, lebih dari 2.000 penumpang terjebak di dalam terowongan karena listrik gagal dalam cuaca dingin.
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